Motorola

Paul V. Galvin and his brother, Joseph E. Galvin, purchase a battery eliminator business in Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. They incorporate Galvin Manufacturing Corporation on September 25, 1928.
The Galvin Manufacturing Corporation had five employees. The first week's payroll was $63. Assets consist of $565 in cash, $750 in tools and a design for the company's first product, a battery eliminator. Net sales for the year total $63,000, with net earnings of $6,015.
Galvin Manufacturing Corporation's first product is a battery eliminator, a device that allows battery-powered radios to run on standard household electric current. Galvin Manufacturing Corporation rented quarters at 847 West Harrison Street, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
In 1937, Galvin Manufacturing Corporation introduced one of the first commercially successful car radios. The original Motorola model 5T71 radio sold between $110 and $130, and can be installed in most popular automobiles.
Galvin Manufacturing Corporation founder Paul V. Galvin created the brand name "Motorola" for the company's new car radio, linking "motor" (motorcar, motion) with the suffix "ola" (sound).
Galvin Manufacturing Corporation entered the home radio business with a line of Motorola phonographs, and table and console radios. The company's automobile radios feature electronic push-button tuning, fine-tuning and tone control.
Galvin Manufacturing Corporation develops the Handie-Talkie SCR536 two-way radio, a lightweight, handheld radio that becomes widely used during World War II.

In 1941, Galvin Manufacturing Corporation introduced its first commercial line of Motorola FM two-way radio systems and equipment. FM technology provides quieter operation than AM technology. The first Motorola FM system was installed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
In 1943 the first portable FM two-way radio, the SCR300 backpack radio, was designed by Motorola chief scientist Daniel E. Noble for the U.S. Army Signal Corps. Weighing 35 pounds, the "walkie-talkie" radio had a range of 10 to 20 miles.
Motorola's first public stock was offered. A share sold for $8.50.

Motorola's first television, the Golden View model VT71was introduced in 1947, priced to sell for under $200 in the United States. More than 100,000 units were sold in one year. Galvin Manufacturing Corporation becomes Motorola, Inc.
In 1956, Motorola's new Handie-Talkie radio pocket pager selectively delivers a radio message to a particular individual. Pagers begin to replace public announcement systems in hospitals and factories. In 1962 Motorola introduced the fully transistorized Handie-Talkie HT200 portable two-way radio. Weighing 33 ounces (935 grams), it was nicknamed the "brick" because of its shape and durable construction. Astronaut Neil Armstrong's first words from the moon are relayed to Earth by a Motorola radio transponder aboard the Apollo 11 lunar module. The transponder provides telemetry, tracking, two-way voice communications and television signal transmissions between Earth and the moon.
In 1970, net sales reached to $796.42 million and it reached to $3.10 billion in 1980. Motorola commits to improving the quality of its products and services. The implementation of a company-wide Six SigmaTM total-quality program was underway by the mid-1980s. The world's first commercial handheld cellular phone, the Motorola DynaTAC phone, received approval from the U.S. Federal Communications Commission. The 28-ounce handheld phone became available to consumers in 1984.
In 1986, Motorola introduces the Bravo numeric pager. It becomes the world's best-selling pager. In 1990, net sales reached to $10.89 billion. In 1994, Motorola developed the world's commercial digital radio system that integrated paging, data communications, voice dispatch and wireless telephones in a single radio network and a single handset.
In 2000, Motorola's Broadband Communications Sector receives an Emmy Award from the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences for outstanding achievement in the development of consumer digital set-top terminals. This achievement marked Motorola's seventh Emmy win. Motorola celebrated 75 years of making things, smarter and life better for people around the world.
Motorola introduces the RAZR V3 phone in 2004, an ultraslim, metal-clad, quad-band flip phone. The 13.9mm thin device uses aircraft-grade aluminum to achieve several design and engineering innovations, including a nickel-plated keypad. Motorola is among the Top Ten Corporate Citizens in Environmental Stewardship, as chosen by Citizens Advisers. The list is drawn from the Citizens Index, a broad-based index of 300 companies that have passed multiple screens for financial strength and corporate responsibility. Motorola received the 2004 Award for Corporate Excellence from the U.S. Department of State for the company's activities in Brazil.
In 2005, the Motorola RAZR V3 cellular phone became Gold Winner in the consumer product category of Business Week magazine's Industrial Design Excellence Awards. Motorola Research and Design centers open in Bangalore, India, and Taipei, Taiwan. The centers focus on telecom switching technologies and products for CDMA and GSM/UMTS networks, and on broadband and wireless initiatives.

TOYOTA

History:
Sakichi Toyoda (1867-1930), the great industrial entrepreneur and national hero, was the Japanese equal of Thomas Edison. As recently as 1985, the patent office listed Sakichi Toyoda as one of the ten most important inventors in Japanese history. The textile machinery company that he founded eventually gave birth to the Toyota Motor Corporation.Origins in Toyoda Automatic Loom —1936 The origins of the company are found as an automobile section of Toyoda Automatic Loom, implemented in September 1933. From an early age Sakichi Toyoda worked on improving looms. In 1891 he obtained his first patent for the Toyoda wooden hand loom. He went on to focus his efforts on the improvement and invention of looms, including a significant number of excellent motive and automatic machines. In 1924, Toyoda invented the Type-G Toyoda automatic loom with non-stop shuttle change motion, the first of its kind in the world. The Type-G Toyoda automatic loom was a groundbreaking invention containing a number of features such as automatic thread replenishment without any drop in the weaving speed. Platt Brothers & Co., Ltd. of England, a world leader in the loom industry of the time, paid the 1929 equivalent of 1 million yen for transfer of the rights to the Type-G loom. Toyoda later used these funds as seed money to found Toyota Motor Co., Ltd. As a result of Toyoda's inventions the quality of Japanese looms and textile products jumped to an internationally competitive level.

Quickly thereafter the section produced its first Type A Engine in 1934, used for the production of the first Model A1 passenger car in May 1935 and the G1 truck in August 1935. Production of the model AA passenger car started in 1936. Although the company is most well known today for its cars, it is still in the textile business.Establishment of Toyota Motor Co. and WWII 1936–1946Toyota Motor Co. was established as an independent company in 1937. Although the founding family name is Toyoda, the company name was changed to...Toyota. It gave the company an auspicious beginning. Toyota is considered luckier than Toyoda due to the fact that eight is a lucky number, and is the number of strokes it takes to write Toyota in Katakana.
During the Pacific War the company was dedicated to truck production for the Imperial Army. Because of severe shortages in Japan, military trucks were kept as simple as possible. For example, the trucks had only one headlight on the center of the hood. Fortunately for Toyota, the war ended shortly before a scheduled allied bombing run on the Toyota factories in Aichi.
Start of Commercial Production 1947-Commercial passenger car production started in 1947 with the model SA. In 1950 a separate sales company Toyota Motor Sales Co. was established (which lasted until July 1982). In April 1956 the Toyopet dealer chain was established.Today Toyota is one of the top car manufacturers with large market shares in both the US and Europe. It has a small car division, selling under the Daihatsu brand as well as a heavy vehicle division, selling under the Hino brand.

Toyota is Japan's biggest car company and second largest in the world (the largest being America's General Motors) having recently overtaken Ford Motor Company in sales. The company is immensely profitable, and its massive cash reserves dwarf those of many countries. Toyota's vehicles are generally highly regarded for their quality, proficient engineering, and value, but their designs are viewed as anonymous and lacking the flair of smaller manufacturers. Toyota offers one of the largest ranges of vehicles of any manufacturer and does, amongst its more predictable high-volume models, produce a number of exciting sports cars, particularly, the Celica, MR2 and Supra.
Worldwide Presence

Toyota has factories all over the world, manufacturing or assembling vehicles for local markets, including its most popular model, the Corolla. Toyota has manufacturing or assembly plants in the United States, Australia, Canada, Indonesia, South Africa, the United Kingdom and France. Cars from these plants are often exported to other countries. For example, the South African-built Toyota Corolla is exported to Australia, while the Australian-built Camry is exported (in left hand drive) to countries in the Middle East. Between 1997 and 2000, the number one selling car in the U.S. was the Toyota Camry. It was dethroned in 2001 by the Honda Accord, only to regain its place in 2002, with the introduction of a redesigned model.Toyota also produces a range of SUVs. Indeed, one of its first export markets was exporting its Landcruiser model to Australia in the late 1950s.Toyota also contributes a great amount of research to cleaner-burning vehicles. In 2002, Toyota successfully road-tested a new version of the RAV4 which ran on a Hydrogen Fuel Cell. Scientific American made the company its Business Leader of the Year in 2003 for commercializing an affordable hybrid car. In 2004, Toyota showed that it had made its Highlander into the world's first mass-market seven-passenger hybrid SUV.To gain a higher share in the U.S. domestic luxury car market, Toyota introduced a separate brand called Lexus in 1989, following Honda's (with its Acura division) example. The brand was introduced with two models: the ES 250, based on Toyota Camry, and the LS 400, which was released simultaneously as the Toyota Celsior in Japan. Since then, the lineup has been expanded with other models based on Japanese Toyotas, and the marque has been successful, receiving many industry awards. Now that it has become the number one selling luxury car brand in the U.S., Toyota is introducing it to Japan in 2005, thus completing a cycle of sorts.

Toyota has also been successful in racing, especially in Rally with the Toyota Celica. In 2002 Toyota started racing in Formula One with the Toyota Team Europe (TTE) and is based in Cologne (Germany).Toyota is also famous in industry for its manufacturing philosophy, called the Toyota Production System. This system is copied worldwide by many manufacturing companies.

Dabur India Limited

Established in 1884 by S K Burman, Dabur India is the fourth largest FMCG company in India with business interests in Healthcare, Personal Care and Food Products. Over the years, Dabur India has focused in manufacturing and selling Ayurvedic products targeted at the mass consumer segments. A number of personal care products, Ayurvedic tonic and oral care products that Dabur launched between 1940 and 1970 are leading brands today. Dabur top nine brands had 65% or more market share in their respective products categories. These included the health tonic Chyawanprash, Hajmola digestive tablets and candy, digestive Pudin Hara, Dabur Lal Dant Manjan and Dabur Amla hair oil.
Dabur manufactures over 450 products, covering a wide range in health and personal care. Dabur India has 10 manufacturing locations- seven in India and one each in Nepal, Egypt and UK. The subsidiaries of Dabur are- Dabur Foods, Dabur Nepal, Dabur Oncology, Dabur Pharma, Dabur Egypt and Dabur Balsara. Daburs R&D is carried out by Dabur Research Foundation.

Background:
Dabur was set up in West Bengal as a proprietary firm for manufacturing of Ayurvedic drugs. It started off with a direct mailing system to send medicines to villages in Bengal. In 1986, Dr Burman set up a small manufacturing plant at Garhia near Calcutta for mass production of chemicals and Ayurvedic drugs. In 1919, Dabur set up its R&D laboratory for Ayurvedic medicines. In 1940, company diversified into personal care products business with the launch of its Dabur Amla Hair Oil. In 1949, Dabur launched Chyawanprash in a tin pack making it the first branded Chyawanprash in a tin pack in the country. It expanded its personal care portfolio by adding oral care products in 1970. Dabur Lal Dant was the first product to be launched. In 1972, Dabur shifted its base to Delhi from Calcutta.
In 1990 it set up branch office and warehousing operations in London to service European market. In 1991, it set up Dabur Overseas Ltd. In Cayman Island to cater its overseas investment needs. In 1992, Dabur entered into 49:51 joint ventures with the Spanish confectionary major Agrolimen group under the name General De Confecteria India Ltd (GCI). In the same year Dabur entered into a basic joint venture named Excelcia Foods with Nestle.
Dabur came out with its IPO in November 1993 raising Rs. 541.5 million at Rs. 95 per share (it was oversubscribed by 21 times). In 1998 Dabur entered into 50:50 joint venture with Bongrain of France and named it Dabon International Ltd and started manufacturing cheese products in Noida.
In 1999, it existed from two joint ventures in Excelcia Foods with Nestle and General Confectionary Ltd with Agrolimen. In 2001, Dabur set up a manufacturing facility in UK for oncology injectibles at an investment of $15 million.

Business Segments:
Dabur has three business divisions- Family Products Division (FPD), Healthcare Products Division and Dabur Ayurvedic Specialities Division (DAS). FPD has products across categories of hair care, oral care, skin care, coconut oil and honey. It contributes 45% to total sales. Dabur has a 27% share in the hair oil market. Dabur has also made significant inroads in shampoos establishing a niche in herbal shampoos with its Vatika franchise. Lal Dant Manjan has a market share of 67% in red tooth powder category. Overall in toothpowder it has 30% market share. Dabur has 40% market share in honey market. In coconut market it has 3% market share.
In Health Care Products divisions Dabur is the second largest division and contributes 28% to the sales turnover of the company. Dabur leads the Chyawanprash market with 64% share. Dabur holds 37% market share in digestive systems with Hajmola, Pudin Hara and Hingoli.
The Ayurvedic Division has a range of more than 400 medicines both classical Ayurvedic drugs and proprietary medicines developed by Dabur. It contributes 7% to the company’s sales. The focus of this division is to target Ayurvedic practioners through separate sales force as well as push OTC sales. Asav-arishtas form about 40% of the divisions turnover.
The pharmaceutical division derives more than 30% of its sales from oncology and it is the market leader in oncology market. By launching anti-cancer drug, Vinorelbine, dabur has become the first company in India to have done so. Dabur Foods enjoys a 55% market share in juice market. Its portfolio includes homemade cooking pastes,Lemonees lemon juice and Real Fruit Juice. Real is the flagship brand contributing a majority of the turnover of Dabur Foods

Samsung

Samsung was established on March 1, 1938 by Bung-Chull Lee. It was started as a trade exports business concerned with selling dry Korean fish, vegetables and fruits. By 1950, Samsung had its own flourmills, confectionary machines and manufacturing and sales operations. Samsung entered into the sugar business in 1956 and textiles business in 1953.

Samsung Electronics brand value is $14.956 billion ranking 20^th where as Sony ranked 28^th with brand value of $10.754 billion. Samsung forayed into the electronics industry in Jan 1969 by incorporating Samsung Electronics Manufacturing. The joint venture with Sanyo Electronics in 1969 enabled Samsung Electronics Manufacturing to assemble black & white televisions and simple transistor radios. It started selling black & white TV in 1972. During that time Sony had already become a global brand with its Transistor Color TVs.

In 1974 Samsung acquired 50% stake in Korea Semiconductor Company to strengthen its leadership position in semiconductor manufacturing. It started exporting color TVs to Panama in April 1977. In 1978 Samsung Electronics Manufacturing reported exports sales of $100 billion and it became a major manufacturer in the Korean market.

Samsung Electronics Manufacturing acquired Korea Telecommunications in 1980 and was renamed as Samsung Semiconductor and Telecommunications in 1982. In February 1984, Samsung Electronics Manufacturing was renamed as Samsung Electronics Co. ltd. In 1988, Samsung Electronics and Samsung Semiconductor and Telecommunications merged with each other and the core business consisted of home appliances, semiconductors and telecommunications.

During 1994 to 1996, 17 different products - from semiconductors to computer monitors, TFT-LCD screens to color picture tubes - leaped into the ranks of the top five products for global market share in their respective areas. 12 others achieved top market ranking in their areas. In some areas, such as LCDs, Samsung has simply been number one from the start. Ever since entering the LCD business in 1993, Samsung has been the undisputed world leader. Another example is Samsung Heavy Industries' drill ships that captured 60% of the world market ever since their introduction.

1997 was a dark year for nearly all of Korea. That year, nearly all companies in Korea shrank. SAMSUNG was no exception. The company restructured by reducing the number of its affiliated companies to 45 (The standard of affiliates number is according to Fair Trade Law), decreasing personnel by almost 50,000, and improving the soundness of its financial structure, lowering 1997's 365% debt ratio to 148% by late 1999.

The company sold 10 business units to overseas companies for 1.5 billion dollars, including SAMSUNG Heavy Industries' highly acclaimed construction equipment business unit to Volvo AB of Sweden and its forklift business to Clark.Although the news was bleak, SAMSUNG was one of the few companies able to continue growing thanks to its leadership in digital and network technologies, and its steady concentration on electronics, finances, and related services.